![]() Southern opposition prevented the establishment of diplomatic relations with Haiti from the time of its independence in 1804 until 1862. He also convincingly demonstrates that any history of US foreign relations during this period needs to take the opinions and actions of African Americans into account. Using materials ranging from diplomatic archives to plays and public celebrations, Byrd shows the many ways in which black Americans imagined the Caribbean republic as their own status changed, from the hopes of the Reconstruction period to the increasingly difficult conditions of the Jim Crow era. Brandon Byrd’s examination of African Americans’ concern with Haiti during the years from the US Civil War to the start of the occupation fills an important gap in scholarship. ![]() Most scholarship on relations between the United States and Haiti, the first two American nations to free themselves from European colonial rule, has focused either on the years of the Haitian struggle for independence or on the US occupation of 1915-34. ![]()
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